Розвиток ідеї адаптивності в архітектурі

Abstract

У статті досліджуються історичні передумови формування адаптивної архітектури. Визначено основні періоди розвитку адаптивного проектування від доіндустріального етапу до сьогодення. Проаналізовано перші прототипи адаптивних будівель та концепцій адаптивності в архітектурі. Розглянуто основні напрямки розвиту адаптивного проектування на сучасному етапі. The article explores the historical background of the formation of adaptive architecture Trough analyzing the historical experience of design and construction of adaptive structures, the key periods of development of the ideas of adaptability were identified. At first, the buildings were adapted very gradually, over long periods of time, which corresponded to the development of pre-industrial society, its economic and social opportunities. First of all, it is traditional housing. According to the principle of adaptation of the constructions this period can be divided into two groups: temporary structures (yurts, wigwams, mud huts, kennel, kurens) and stable objects of architecture with elements that are transforming (tent cover of the Colosseum, traditional Japanese houses). In the early XX cent. there is a rapid development of construction technologies, there are the first experimental developments, manifests, concepts, utopian and futuristic projects. During this period, the ideas of adaptability are rapidly developing at the architectural and planning level and in real design. First of all, it is the merit of Le Corbusier, N. J. Habakken, F. L. Wright, M. van der Rohe, B. Kashe, C. Lynch. At the post-industrial stage, the concepts of structuralism that were put forward earlier are being developed. The ideas of adaptability are developed in such works of this period as: the concept of "supports and filling-in", the concept of "open architecture", the concept of "polyvalent spaces", the concept of "informal planning and guides". Nowadays adaptive buildings are characterized by a combination of several functions (e.g. interactivity + mobility, transformation + interactivity). There is a tendency to erase clear boundaries between interactivity, mobility, transformation, to create objects that are on the verge of these concepts. Today adaptability becomes one of the most important characteristics of the object of architecture.